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KMID : 0904520210580010109
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Health and Medical Sociology
2021 Volume.58 No. 1 p.109 ~ p.150
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An Analysis of the Governmentality of Population Policy: Comparison of ‘Low Fertility Rate Policy’ and ‘Family Planning Program’ in South Korea
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Park Ji-Won
Kim Chang-Yup
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Abstract
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This study started from the question that Low fertility rate policy in mid-2000s operates with a similar governing principle to 1960s Family Planning Program (FPP) promoted in opposite goals. To clarify this, the study analyzed the low fertility policy according to the case study methodology and compared it with FPP.
The results are as follows. First, developmental governmentality was working in both policies that defined the current population as a national crisis and used the comparison with developed countries for justification. In addition, the patriarchy set women as the target of the policy in responding to different problems.
Second, two policies utilized governing technology that induces and justifies specific thoughts and behaviors to achieve goals. Specifically, through advertising and education, they induced changes in values and norms related to marriage and childbirth. Direct and indirect incentives for childbirth and birth control in various fields such as medical services, housing, tax, and labor market were operated. Law, administration, and knowledge production were actively used for justification. Finally, two policies were similar in terms of ‘developing country’ and ‘normal family’. However, the purpose of policy for individuals was different because women in charge of reproductive roles were now expected to play role in both reproduction and production.
To summarize, problem definition, governing technologies, and purpose worked similarly in two policies. In other words, patriarchal developmental governmentality, in which fertility of women in normal families must be controlled for the continuous development of the country, was continuously operating.
This study set the current policy under the continuity of population governmentality over a long period of time. However, since two policies were analyzed cross-sectionally, the environment and context affecting the policies were not sufficiently considered. To demonstrate this, following studies are needed on the continuity between policy elements such as stakeholder, capital, science and technology.
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KEYWORD
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Low fertility rate policy, Family planning program, Governmentality, Population policy, Comparative policy research
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